Is Cycle Diving Caused by Single Particle Mechanical Failure? A Single Particle Crushing Strength Study on Ni-Rich NCM and Graphite

1. Introduction As lithium-ion batteries become ubiquitous in electric vehicles, energy density, cycle life, safety, and cost remain the primary concerns. During cycling, cathode active materials — particularly Ni-rich NCM — undergo repeated lithium intercalation and deintercalation, accompanied by anisotropic…










